Objectives: Time-use has become an important field of research in social and medical sciences. Time diary is the most popular method for measuring time-use that has 2 different methods ofadministration including yesterday and tomorrow diary. The present study aimed to comparethese methods of measuring time-use. Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted on 256 under 5-year-oldhealthy children that were selected using multistage stratified cluster sampling method in 2017. Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearmancorrelation coefficient, 2-way ANOVA, Independent t-test and Mann– Whitney U Test. Results: Participants spent 1476. 23 min/d on aggregate daily occupations, according to theyesterday-diary estimate, and 1492. 14 min/d according to the tomorrow-diary. In one area ofoccupation, the yesterday and tomorrow diary estimates differed slightly. Two-way ANOVAfound no significant interaction between diary method and age category (F5, 234=1. 222, P=0. 300)and no significant main effect of diary method (F1, 234 =0. 830). While, the ANOVA revealed asignificant main effect for age category (F5, 234=4. 91, P=0. 00). There were no significant meandifferences in the number of occupational repertoires between the participants of yesterdayand tomorrow diary groups. Likewise, there were no significant differences in the number ofverbatim of the two groups. Discussion: The findings of our study indicated no difference between yesterday and tomorrowdiaries estimates in terms of measuring under 5-year-old children’ s time-use.

Rural women spend a considerable portion of their time and energy performing activities that are not calculated in production and the national product. Womens increasing inequality and decreasing resource benefits are glaring reflections of this condition. This study aims to identify womens activities in the village of Dona, in Mazandaran province, and the time they allocate to each activity. It applied qualitative research over a period of four seasons in 2002. Women spent two-thirds of their waking hours in productive activities, corresponding to an average work time of 10 hours and 26 minutes per day. On average, they spent 17 minutes a day on personal hygiene, health, and leisure-time. No time was spent on education and reading.

The dilapidated structures of Isfahan face a complex combination of social, economic and environmental problems,That urban regeneration takes steps to solve these problems by using the tools of empowering a cohesive community and promoting the active participation of citizens. This process in the context of cyberspace seeks to facilitate communication between citizens and officials,Electronic authorization is introduced. One of the methods of implementing the electronic authorization process in cyberspace is the use of requirements engineering method, which is introduced based on the identification of requirements and its analysis, system users and their activities. This study has been compiled with the aim of achieving the analysis of users' needs and their activities in order to realize the process of electronic authorization based on the Use Case. Based on this, this article is a research with features such as inductive, applied and descriptive-analytical, which determines the system requirements by using the jury method and content analysis method using Atlas ti software. Requirements analysis shows that users of the electronic authorization process system, including residents of worn-out tissues of Isfahan, facilitator, technical expert and trainer, are responsible and the activities of each based on the authorization process and requirements in Visual Paradigm software as a use case diagram,Displayed as Integrated Modeling Language (UML). The diagrams used are a demonstration of how the relationship between the user and the activities in the cyclical system of the electronic empowerment process for the residents of the worn-out urban tissues of Isfahan.

Objectives: substanceabuseis one of the mostimportantintricacythat threaten the health of different people especially youths and unemployment is also a problem in developing and third world countries that in addition to evil economic consequences is said as a tendency toward crime, guilt and mental diseases. Some studies show a relation between tendency toward substance use and unemployment and all of these researches show that unemployment is a risk factor for substance use. Unemployment persons relate with a lot of people in a day and they have a lot of leisure that spend with others and do activities during a day. The aim of this study was to compare leisure between two groups of Iranian unemployed male youths; drug users and non-users.Method: This casual comparative study enrolled 200 unemployed young men (20 -30 years) who had referred to job centers ofIsfahan. The subjects, selected via cluster random sampling: were divided into two groups: group I: those who had used substance during the first 6 months after unemployment (n=65) and group two: those who had not used any illicit drugs during this period (n=135). The two groups were compared in terms of leisure. Some instances such as: unemploying for at least 6 months, lack of substance using before unemployment, aware satisfaction in cooperation with research are used as entering criteria and experience of mental diseases and substance use before employment used as exit criteria.Data collecting means was checklist that was made by researchers. This checklist was prepared after review of reference and qualitative study in unemployed who refer to employment centers of Isfahan and they didn't use substance after 6 months of unemployment. It was questioned from unemployment in research about period of unemployment and do you used substance until and if they used substance they should answered "when they used for first time". If person had used substance before unemployment, he was thanked and that checklist didn't give him. Filling of check list was lasted 15minutes by any sample.Findings: Statistically there isn't meaningful relation between married situation and education level, age and number of family member in two groups of unemployed who used and not used substance(P<0/05).Average of numbers of time in each day such as: listening to music, fiiendly speaking, participated persons in friendly speaking, addicted participated in friendly speaking, friendly speaking with addicted persons were reported more in unemployed who used substance when compared with non used unemployed (P<0/05).Our logistic regression model showed that substance use could be predicted by mean hours of friendly speaking with addicted a day in last week (OR=2/606,CI: 1/600-4/244 , P<0.001),mean hours of friendly speaking with non addicted a day in last week (OR=1/122,CI: 1/025-1/229, P=0/013).Results: in this research numbers of friendly speaking time with addicted and non addicted are predicators of substance use in unemployed male youths. It is suggested that policy makers pay attention to this factors in their macroprograms about fight against opiates.

Changes in different aspects of family and its correspondence with widespread structural and ideational changes in Iran has been documented in previous research but no study to date has examined gender differences in family roles at the national level. This paper uses data from the 2014-2015 Time Use Survey, representing urban areas of Iran, and applies the relative resources and time availability approaches to describe the differences between wives and husbands in participation in the total unpaid household related activities across their family life course and explain such differences. The results suggest a clear male-bread winning and female home-making pattern, although wives and husbands allocated similar amount of time to either the community or individual activities. These gender differences include not only the time allocated to the family and household activities, but also their pattern and life course variations. In addition, the wives’ experience is more consistent with the predictions of the time availability and relative resources approaches than that of husbands. Adjusting for other factors does not remove the association between gender and participation in the family-and household-related activities, suggesting the predominance of gender values and norms over socio-economic and demographic factors examined in this paper.

Background & Aim: In medical sciences, the outcome is the time until the occurrence of an event of interest. A multi-state model (MSM) is used to model a process where subjects’ transition takes place from one state to the next. For instance, a standard survival curve can be thought of as a simple MSM with two states (alive and dead) and the transition between these two-state models is a method used to analyze time to event data. The most important aspect of this model is that it considers intermediate events and models the effect of covariates on each transition intensity. Some diseases like cancer, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), etc. have several stages. In the present study, these models were reviewed using cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) data focusing on different approaches.Methods & Materials: The data of 576 CAVs were collected. A time dependent simple Cox regression model (CRM) was fitted and a three-state illness-death model was considered for the MSMs.Results: In the simple CRM, only the individuals with the age of>50 were significant, however for Cox Markov model (CMM) and Cox semi-Markov model (CSMM), the donor’s age>40, sex, and the individuals with the age of>50 were other significant covariates.Conclusion: The CMM and CSMM showed more accurate results about risk factors compared to the simple CRM.